When Denmark won the Kalmar wars — , the king imposed a ban on all Dutch traffic heading to Sweden and increased the Sound Toll duties. To combat this, the Dutch decided to form alliances with the Hanseatic League and Sweden in order to remain in access of the Sound. Christian IV was then forced to reduce these policies after the Dutch were guaranteed safe passage in the Baltic region.
In , the Spanish and Danish created a treaty that would reduce Dutch access to Baltic trade. At the same time, the Sound toll increased again, causing more problems for the Dutch because of the commodities they were trading.
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To counter these problems, the Dutch sent their navy into the Sound in as a threat to Copenhagen. An agreement was reached in that would return the Dutch trading power to the Baltic. At this time, Sweden began to successfully campaign in Jutland and forced the Danish to give up many territories along the Sound and into the Baltic. This led to a peace treaty in between Sweden and Denmark, along with negotiations between the English and Dutch. The Dutch then sent their navy into the Baltic, and with the Danish, defeated the Swedes in Denmark and Norway worked to maintain their mercantilist policies that would decrease their dependence on Amsterdam and the Dutch Republic as a whole.
A treaty was signed in after the Danish attempted to impose tariffs on Dutch trading, but the Dutch held much less power in Denmark after this. The Dutch and the Norse began to trade directly with the English and French and avoided Amsterdam as a main trading port. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Dutch trade dominated the eastern Baltic region with goods like spices and high-quality cloth. This Dutch control, however, began to diminish in the later decades of this century. There are a few proposed explanations for this, one being that Baltic grain lost competitiveness in the western markets because Polish farms declined in efficiency.
Another explanation is the wars against the Cossacks and the Swedes that occurred in the ss. Sweden established new policies that significantly affected the eastern Baltic trading system.
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The Swedish Tar Company was created in , which greatly undermined tar exports form Finland. This resulted in the illegal transportation of Finnish goods to Livonian ports, and Dutch traders that occupied southern Sweden transported timber from Norway to other ports around the Baltic. The policies that Sweden established at this time also aimed to control Russian trade in the Baltic region. In an effort to remove the Dutch from the market, Sweden attempted to buy grain surpluses and entire stocks of leather from Russia.
The treaty of Kardis was established in to provide free trade in Russia, but ended soon after in The Dutch proved to be the only economically developed state that could successfully deal with the trading conditions of Russia.
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From , Poland, Russia, and Denmark-Norway fought against Sweden, dramatically shifting the Baltic trading system at this time. At the beginning of the war, Dutch trade through the Sound was far outweighed by Scandinavian shipping. In , when hostility between Denmark and Sweden began, trade through the Sound became inactive. After the war ended, governmental interventionism became the forefront of all commercial policies in the powers of the Baltic. These protectionist measures were meant to decrease foreign influence on industries and trade within states.
Some of examples of these policies are:. These cities and ports provided Russia with direct routes to the Baltic.
In , the treaty of Nystad was signed, which led to the development of Russian Baltic trade and the founding of St. By , Russia had surpassed the Pomeranian coast under Swedish control. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. History of maritime trade in the Baltic Sea. Oceans portal Transport portal.
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